云南割手密创新种质F_2的主成分聚类分析及其评价

云南割手密是甘蔗育种中比较宝贵的野生种质资源。对68份云南割手密F2创新种质材料的9个主要工农艺性状进行主成分分析,并以前3个主成分为基础,分别作聚类分析和二维排序图。结果表明:68份云南割手密F2创新种质的变异系数为10.57%～35.30%,11月份理论含糖量和单产的变异系数超过30%,说明11月份理论含糖量和单产性状的变异潜力较高。主成分分析结果表明,单茎重产量因子、锤度糖分因子和丛有效茎含糖量这3个主因子提供了原始性状80.8292%的信息;在欧氏距离为10.00处将68份材料分为4类,各个类群具有不同的特点,在甘蔗杂交育种上可以根据不同类群的特点加以利用;二维排序表明云割F211-50、云割F211-56、云割F211-40、云割F211-66、云割F211-77、云割F211-10、云割F211-19、云割F211-85、云割F211-45、云割F211-37、云割F211-25、云割F211-23、云割F211-18等13份材料的3个主成分构成因子协调性最好,可在育种中加以利用。     

Analysis of genetic similarity detected by AFLP and coefficient of parentage among genotypes of sugar cane ( Saccharum spp.)

Despite the economical importance of sugar cane, until the present-date no studies have been carried out to determine the correlation of the molecular-based genetic similarity (GS) and the coefficient of parentage (f)-estimates generated for cultivars. A comprehensive knowledge of the amount of genetic diversity in parental cultivars, could improve the effectiveness of breeding programmes. In this study, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and pedigree data were used to investigate the genetic relationship in a group of 79 cultivars (interspecific hybrids), used as parents in one of the Brazilian breeding programmes, and four species of Saccharum (Saccharum sinense, Saccharum barberi and two of Saccharum officinarum) . The objectives of this study were to assess the level of genetic similarity among the sugar-cane cultivars and to investigate the correlation between the AFLP-based GS and f, based on pedigree information. Twenty one primer combinations were used to obtain the AFLP molecular markers, generating a total of 2,331 bands, of which 1,121 were polymorphic, with a polymorphism rate, on average, of 50% per primer combination. GSs were determined using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient, and a final dendrogram was constructed using an unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA). AFLP-based GS ranged from 0.28 to 0.89, with a mean of 0.47, whereas f ranged from 0 to 0.503, with a mean of 0.057. Cluster analysis using GS divided the genotypes into related subgroups suggesting that there is important genetic relationship among the cultivars. AFLP-based GS and f were significantly correlated (r = 0.42, P < 0.001), thus the significance of this r value suggests that the AFLP data may help to more-accurately quantify the degree of relationship among sugar-cane cultivars. Received: 27 November 2000 / Accepted: 27 April 2001     

甘蔗几丁质酶基因的电子克隆与生物信息学分析

用电子克隆方法获得甘蔗几丁质酶基因SCCHI1,采用生物信息学方法,对该基因编码蛋白从氨基酸组成、理化性质、跨膜结构域、疏水性/亲水性、亚细胞定位、高级结构及功能域等方面进行了预测和分析。结果表明:SCCHI1基因全长1236bp,包含一个完整的990bp的ORF,编码329个氨基酸。SCCHI1基因属于糖苷水解酶19家族,含有N-端信号肽、交连区、催化区,与高粱等其它植物的几丁质酶基因具有高度的相似性。为SCCHI1基因的分子克隆、功能鉴定和应用提供参考。     

Sugarcane Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate Synthetase: Molecular Characterization of a Phosphate-independent PRS

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (PRS—EC:2.7.6.1) is an important enzyme present in several metabolic pathways, thus forming a complex family of isoenzymes. However, plant PRS enzymes have not been extensively investigated. In this study, a sugarcane prs gene has been characterized from the Sugar Cane Expressed Sequence Tag Genome Project. This gene contains a 984-bp open reading frame encoding a 328-amino acid protein. The predicted amino acid sequence has 77% and 78% amino acid sequence identity to Arabidopsis thaliana and Spinacia oleracea PRS4, respectively. The assignment of sugarcane PRS as a phosphate-independent PRS isoenzyme (Class II PRS) is verified following enzyme assay and phylogenetic reconstruction of PRS homologues. To gain further insight into the structural framework of the phosphate independence of sugarcane PRS, a molecular model is described. This model reveals the formation of two conserved domains elucidating the structural features involved in sugarcane PRS phosphate independence. The recombinant PRS retains secondary structure elements and a quaternary arrangement consistent with known PRS homologues, based on circular dichroism measurements.     

Emergence, Growth and Nutrient Composition of Sugarcane Sprouts Under NaCl Salinity

The changes induced by 80 and 120 mM NaCl during emergence and growth of sprouts in salt-tolerant (CPF-213) and sensitive (L-116) genotypes of sugarcane were determined. The rate and percentage of emergence of sprouts, length and dry mass of shoot and root, and number of nodal roots decreased under salinity. Concentrations of Na and Cl increased and those of K, Ca, N and P decreased with a rise in substrate salinity. A greater salinity tolerance ability of CPF-213 than L-116 was attributable to greater root mass and higher nutrient concentrations in the sprouts of the former genotype.     

Additive and nonadditive effects of serial applications of gibberellic acid on sugarcane internode growth

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) plants were exogenously supplied with, 0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg gibberellic acid (GA₃) per stalk in single and multiple applications. Increases in stalk fresh weight, total stalk length, and lengths of individual internodes were primarily a function of the interval between applications. Applications produced additive growth responses at 15- and 30-day intervals but not at 0- and 45-day intervals.     

甘蔗三种砍种方式的抗旱性比较研究

以桂糖 1 1号和新台糖 1 6号作试验材料 ,分剥叶砍种、剥叶不砍种、不剥叶不砍种 3种砍种处理。试验结果表明 :在干旱条件下 ,桂糖 1 1号剥叶不砍种处理的出苗率高 ,死苗率低 ,不剥叶不砍种处理株高和绿叶数数值最大。在生理生化方面 ,干旱区桂糖 1 1号各处理萌芽期间 ,种茎中氨基酸含量 1 4 .2 5～ 1 8.0 0 mg/g Fw,还原糖含量 1 .0 6～ 2 .5 8mg/ g Fw,新台糖 1 6号在干旱区各处理则相反 ,种茎中氨基酸含量 1 .5 0～ 2 .6 3mg/ g Fw,还原糖含量达 1 8.75～ 2 9.5 3mg/ g Fw,种茎近于中度肋迫 ;而桂糖 1 1号在干旱区剥叶不砍种、不剥叶不砍种处理的自然饱和亏缺值与非干旱区各处理基本相同 ,而新台糖 1 6号的则比对照大大提高。因此 ,丘陵坡地应选用桂糖 1 1号剥叶不砍种技术     

Gut passage effect of the introduced red‐whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus) on germination of invasive plant species in Mauritius

In Mauritius, many of the worst invasive plant species have fleshy fruits and rely on animals for dispersal. The introduced red‐whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus) feeds on many fleshy‐fruited species, and often moves from invaded and degraded habitats into higher quality native forests, thus potentially acting as a mediator of continued plant invasion into these areas. Furthermore, gut passage may influence seed germination. To investigate this, we fed fleshy fruits of two invasive plant species, Ligustrum robustum and Clidemia hirta, to red‐whiskered bulbuls. Gut passage times of seeds were recorded. Gut‐passed seeds were sown and their germination rate and germination success compared with that of hand‐cleaned seeds, as well as that of seeds in whole fruits. Gut passage and hand‐cleaning had significant positive effects on germination of both species. Gut‐passed seeds of both C. hirta and L. robustum germinated faster than hand‐cleaned seeds. However, for L. robustum, this was only true when compared with hand‐cleaned seeds with intact endocarp; when compared with hand‐cleaned seeds without endocarp, there was no difference. For overall germination success, there was a positive effect of gut passage for C. hirta, but not for L. robustum. For both C. hirta and L. robustum, no seeds in intact fruits geminated, suggesting that removal of pulp is essential for germination. Our results suggest that, first, the initial invasion of native forests in Mauritius may not have happened so rapidly without efficient avian seed dispersers like the red‐whiskered bulbul. Second, the bulbul is likely to be a major factor in the continued re‐invasion of C. hirta and L. robustum into weeded and restored conservation management areas.     

Influence of plant silicon and sugarcane cultivar on mandibular wear in the stalk borer Eldana saccharina

1 Silicon can increase the resistance of plants to attack by herbivorous insects. The present study aimed to determine the effect of silicon and cultivar on mandibular wear in larvae of the sugarcane stalk borer Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).
2 Four sugarcane cultivars, resistant (N21, N33) and susceptible (N11, N26) to E. saccharina were grown in a pot trial in silicon deficient river sand, with (Si+) and without (Si−) calcium silicate. Individual third-instar larvae were confined on the sugarcane stalk at three known feeding sites (leaf bud, root band and internode) and left to feed for 21 days.
3  Eldana saccharina larval heads were mounted on stubs, with the mandibles oriented horizontally and photographed under a scanning electron microscope. Mandibular wear was measured from the digital images using a quantitative method.
4 Although there was a trend for increased wear in larvae that developed on Si+ cane, no significant effect of silicon, cultivar or site on mandibular wear of E. saccharina was shown.
5 This is the first study to accurately and quantitatively measure the mandibular wear of an insect fed on Si+ plants.